ASCII Table
Complete ASCII table with all 256 characters (0–255). Quickly look up decimal, hexadecimal, octal, binary values, HTML entities, and character names for standard ASCII and Latin-1 Supplement.
ASCII Table Reference
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding standard that assigns a numeric value to letters, digits, punctuation marks, and control characters. Originally defined for 7-bit values (0–127), the extended range (128–255) covers the Latin-1 Supplement and Windows-1252 characters used throughout Western European computing.
How to Read the Table
Each character is identified by four equivalent numeric representations:
- Decimal (Dec) — the base-10 value most commonly referenced in code (
65=A) - Hexadecimal (Hex) — base-16, widely used in URLs, CSS color codes, and byte inspection (
41=A) - Octal (Oct) — base-8, seen in Unix file permissions and legacy C escape sequences (
101=A) - Binary (Bin) — base-2, shows the raw bit pattern stored in memory (
01000001=A)
ASCII vs. Unicode
Standard ASCII covers only 128 characters (0–127). Unicode extends this to over a million code points, but the first 128 Unicode values are identical to ASCII, preserving backwards compatibility. The extended range (128–255) shown here follows Latin-1 Supplement (ISO 8859-1) and Windows-1252 — the two encodings most commonly encountered in legacy Western European text files and HTTP responses that omit an explicit charset declaration.
When your text displays garbled characters like é instead of é, it usually means a UTF-8 encoded document is being read as Windows-1252 or vice versa.
Control Characters
| Dec | Hex | Oct | Bin | Char | HTML Entity | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 00 | 000 | 00000000 | NUL | — | Null |
| 1 | 01 | 001 | 00000001 | SOH | — | Start of Heading |
| 2 | 02 | 002 | 00000010 | STX | — | Start of Text |
| 3 | 03 | 003 | 00000011 | ETX | — | End of Text |
| 4 | 04 | 004 | 00000100 | EOT | — | End of Transmission |
| 5 | 05 | 005 | 00000101 | ENQ | — | Enquiry |
| 6 | 06 | 006 | 00000110 | ACK | — | Acknowledge |
| 7 | 07 | 007 | 00000111 | BEL | — | Bell |
| 8 | 08 | 010 | 00001000 | BS | — | Backspace |
| 9 | 09 | 011 | 00001001 | HT | — | Horizontal Tab |
| 10 | 0A | 012 | 00001010 | LF | — | Line Feed |
| 11 | 0B | 013 | 00001011 | VT | — | Vertical Tab |
| 12 | 0C | 014 | 00001100 | FF | — | Form Feed |
| 13 | 0D | 015 | 00001101 | CR | — | Carriage Return |
| 14 | 0E | 016 | 00001110 | SO | — | Shift Out |
| 15 | 0F | 017 | 00001111 | SI | — | Shift In |
| 16 | 10 | 020 | 00010000 | DLE | — | Data Link Escape |
| 17 | 11 | 021 | 00010001 | DC1 | — | Device Control 1 |
| 18 | 12 | 022 | 00010010 | DC2 | — | Device Control 2 |
| 19 | 13 | 023 | 00010011 | DC3 | — | Device Control 3 |
| 20 | 14 | 024 | 00010100 | DC4 | — | Device Control 4 |
| 21 | 15 | 025 | 00010101 | NAK | — | Negative Acknowledge |
| 22 | 16 | 026 | 00010110 | SYN | — | Synchronous Idle |
| 23 | 17 | 027 | 00010111 | ETB | — | End of Transmission Block |
| 24 | 18 | 030 | 00011000 | CAN | — | Cancel |
| 25 | 19 | 031 | 00011001 | EM | — | End of Medium |
| 26 | 1A | 032 | 00011010 | SUB | — | Substitute |
| 27 | 1B | 033 | 00011011 | ESC | — | Escape |
| 28 | 1C | 034 | 00011100 | FS | — | File Separator |
| 29 | 1D | 035 | 00011101 | GS | — | Group Separator |
| 30 | 1E | 036 | 00011110 | RS | — | Record Separator |
| 31 | 1F | 037 | 00011111 | US | — | Unit Separator |
| 127 | 7F | 177 | 01111111 | DEL | — | Delete |
Punctuation & Symbols
| Dec | Hex | Oct | Bin | Char | HTML Entity | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | 20 | 040 | 00100000 | — | Space | |
| 33 | 21 | 041 | 00100001 | — | Exclamation Mark | |
| 34 | 22 | 042 | 00100010 | " | Quotation Mark | |
| 35 | 23 | 043 | 00100011 | — | Number Sign | |
| 36 | 24 | 044 | 00100100 | — | Dollar Sign | |
| 37 | 25 | 045 | 00100101 | — | Percent Sign | |
| 38 | 26 | 046 | 00100110 | & | Ampersand | |
| 39 | 27 | 047 | 00100111 | ' | Apostrophe | |
| 40 | 28 | 050 | 00101000 | — | Left Parenthesis | |
| 41 | 29 | 051 | 00101001 | — | Right Parenthesis | |
| 42 | 2A | 052 | 00101010 | — | Asterisk | |
| 43 | 2B | 053 | 00101011 | — | Plus Sign | |
| 44 | 2C | 054 | 00101100 | — | Comma | |
| 45 | 2D | 055 | 00101101 | — | Hyphen-Minus | |
| 46 | 2E | 056 | 00101110 | — | Full Stop | |
| 47 | 2F | 057 | 00101111 | — | Solidus | |
| 58 | 3A | 072 | 00111010 | — | Colon | |
| 59 | 3B | 073 | 00111011 | — | Semicolon | |
| 60 | 3C | 074 | 00111100 | < | Less-Than Sign | |
| 61 | 3D | 075 | 00111101 | — | Equals Sign | |
| 62 | 3E | 076 | 00111110 | > | Greater-Than Sign | |
| 63 | 3F | 077 | 00111111 | — | Question Mark | |
| 64 | 40 | 100 | 01000000 | — | Commercial At | |
| 91 | 5B | 133 | 01011011 | — | Left Square Bracket | |
| 92 | 5C | 134 | 01011100 | — | Reverse Solidus | |
| 93 | 5D | 135 | 01011101 | — | Right Square Bracket | |
| 94 | 5E | 136 | 01011110 | — | Circumflex Accent | |
| 95 | 5F | 137 | 01011111 | — | Low Line | |
| 96 | 60 | 140 | 01100000 | — | Grave Accent | |
| 123 | 7B | 173 | 01111011 | — | Left Curly Bracket | |
| 124 | 7C | 174 | 01111100 | — | Vertical Line | |
| 125 | 7D | 175 | 01111101 | — | Right Curly Bracket | |
| 126 | 7E | 176 | 01111110 | — | Tilde |
Digits
| Dec | Hex | Oct | Bin | Char | HTML Entity | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48 | 30 | 060 | 00110000 | — | Digit Zero | |
| 49 | 31 | 061 | 00110001 | — | Digit One | |
| 50 | 32 | 062 | 00110010 | — | Digit Two | |
| 51 | 33 | 063 | 00110011 | — | Digit Three | |
| 52 | 34 | 064 | 00110100 | — | Digit Four | |
| 53 | 35 | 065 | 00110101 | — | Digit Five | |
| 54 | 36 | 066 | 00110110 | — | Digit Six | |
| 55 | 37 | 067 | 00110111 | — | Digit Seven | |
| 56 | 38 | 070 | 00111000 | — | Digit Eight | |
| 57 | 39 | 071 | 00111001 | — | Digit Nine |
Uppercase Letters
| Dec | Hex | Oct | Bin | Char | HTML Entity | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 65 | 41 | 101 | 01000001 | — | Latin Capital Letter A | |
| 66 | 42 | 102 | 01000010 | — | Latin Capital Letter B | |
| 67 | 43 | 103 | 01000011 | — | Latin Capital Letter C | |
| 68 | 44 | 104 | 01000100 | — | Latin Capital Letter D | |
| 69 | 45 | 105 | 01000101 | — | Latin Capital Letter E | |
| 70 | 46 | 106 | 01000110 | — | Latin Capital Letter F | |
| 71 | 47 | 107 | 01000111 | — | Latin Capital Letter G | |
| 72 | 48 | 110 | 01001000 | — | Latin Capital Letter H | |
| 73 | 49 | 111 | 01001001 | — | Latin Capital Letter I | |
| 74 | 4A | 112 | 01001010 | — | Latin Capital Letter J | |
| 75 | 4B | 113 | 01001011 | — | Latin Capital Letter K | |
| 76 | 4C | 114 | 01001100 | — | Latin Capital Letter L | |
| 77 | 4D | 115 | 01001101 | — | Latin Capital Letter M | |
| 78 | 4E | 116 | 01001110 | — | Latin Capital Letter N | |
| 79 | 4F | 117 | 01001111 | — | Latin Capital Letter O | |
| 80 | 50 | 120 | 01010000 | — | Latin Capital Letter P | |
| 81 | 51 | 121 | 01010001 | — | Latin Capital Letter Q | |
| 82 | 52 | 122 | 01010010 | — | Latin Capital Letter R | |
| 83 | 53 | 123 | 01010011 | — | Latin Capital Letter S | |
| 84 | 54 | 124 | 01010100 | — | Latin Capital Letter T | |
| 85 | 55 | 125 | 01010101 | — | Latin Capital Letter U | |
| 86 | 56 | 126 | 01010110 | — | Latin Capital Letter V | |
| 87 | 57 | 127 | 01010111 | — | Latin Capital Letter W | |
| 88 | 58 | 130 | 01011000 | — | Latin Capital Letter X | |
| 89 | 59 | 131 | 01011001 | — | Latin Capital Letter Y | |
| 90 | 5A | 132 | 01011010 | — | Latin Capital Letter Z |
Lowercase Letters
| Dec | Hex | Oct | Bin | Char | HTML Entity | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 97 | 61 | 141 | 01100001 | — | Latin Small Letter A | |
| 98 | 62 | 142 | 01100010 | — | Latin Small Letter B | |
| 99 | 63 | 143 | 01100011 | — | Latin Small Letter C | |
| 100 | 64 | 144 | 01100100 | — | Latin Small Letter D | |
| 101 | 65 | 145 | 01100101 | — | Latin Small Letter E | |
| 102 | 66 | 146 | 01100110 | — | Latin Small Letter F | |
| 103 | 67 | 147 | 01100111 | — | Latin Small Letter G | |
| 104 | 68 | 150 | 01101000 | — | Latin Small Letter H | |
| 105 | 69 | 151 | 01101001 | — | Latin Small Letter I | |
| 106 | 6A | 152 | 01101010 | — | Latin Small Letter J | |
| 107 | 6B | 153 | 01101011 | — | Latin Small Letter K | |
| 108 | 6C | 154 | 01101100 | — | Latin Small Letter L | |
| 109 | 6D | 155 | 01101101 | — | Latin Small Letter M | |
| 110 | 6E | 156 | 01101110 | — | Latin Small Letter N | |
| 111 | 6F | 157 | 01101111 | — | Latin Small Letter O | |
| 112 | 70 | 160 | 01110000 | — | Latin Small Letter P | |
| 113 | 71 | 161 | 01110001 | — | Latin Small Letter Q | |
| 114 | 72 | 162 | 01110010 | — | Latin Small Letter R | |
| 115 | 73 | 163 | 01110011 | — | Latin Small Letter S | |
| 116 | 74 | 164 | 01110100 | — | Latin Small Letter T | |
| 117 | 75 | 165 | 01110101 | — | Latin Small Letter U | |
| 118 | 76 | 166 | 01110110 | — | Latin Small Letter V | |
| 119 | 77 | 167 | 01110111 | — | Latin Small Letter W | |
| 120 | 78 | 170 | 01111000 | — | Latin Small Letter X | |
| 121 | 79 | 171 | 01111001 | — | Latin Small Letter Y | |
| 122 | 7A | 172 | 01111010 | — | Latin Small Letter Z |
C1 Controls (128–159)
| Dec | Hex | Oct | Bin | Char | HTML Entity | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 128 | 80 | 200 | 10000000 | — | Euro Sign | |
| 129 | 81 | 201 | 10000001 | N/A | — | Unassigned |
| 130 | 82 | 202 | 10000010 | — | Single Low-9 Quotation Mark | |
| 131 | 83 | 203 | 10000011 | — | Latin Small Letter F with Hook | |
| 132 | 84 | 204 | 10000100 | — | Double Low-9 Quotation Mark | |
| 133 | 85 | 205 | 10000101 | — | Horizontal Ellipsis | |
| 134 | 86 | 206 | 10000110 | — | Dagger | |
| 135 | 87 | 207 | 10000111 | — | Double Dagger | |
| 136 | 88 | 210 | 10001000 | — | Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent | |
| 137 | 89 | 211 | 10001001 | — | Per Mille Sign | |
| 138 | 8A | 212 | 10001010 | — | Latin Capital Letter S with Caron | |
| 139 | 8B | 213 | 10001011 | — | Single Left-Pointing Angle Quotation Mark | |
| 140 | 8C | 214 | 10001100 | — | Latin Capital Ligature OE | |
| 141 | 8D | 215 | 10001101 | N/A | — | Unassigned |
| 142 | 8E | 216 | 10001110 | — | Latin Capital Letter Z with Caron | |
| 143 | 8F | 217 | 10001111 | N/A | — | Unassigned |
| 144 | 90 | 220 | 10010000 | N/A | — | Unassigned |
| 145 | 91 | 221 | 10010001 | — | Left Single Quotation Mark | |
| 146 | 92 | 222 | 10010010 | — | Right Single Quotation Mark | |
| 147 | 93 | 223 | 10010011 | — | Left Double Quotation Mark | |
| 148 | 94 | 224 | 10010100 | — | Right Double Quotation Mark | |
| 149 | 95 | 225 | 10010101 | — | Bullet | |
| 150 | 96 | 226 | 10010110 | — | En Dash | |
| 151 | 97 | 227 | 10010111 | — | Em Dash | |
| 152 | 98 | 230 | 10011000 | — | Small Tilde | |
| 153 | 99 | 231 | 10011001 | ™ | Trade Mark Sign | |
| 154 | 9A | 232 | 10011010 | — | Latin Small Letter S with Caron | |
| 155 | 9B | 233 | 10011011 | — | Single Right-Pointing Angle Quotation Mark | |
| 156 | 9C | 234 | 10011100 | — | Latin Small Ligature OE | |
| 157 | 9D | 235 | 10011101 | N/A | — | Unassigned |
| 158 | 9E | 236 | 10011110 | — | Latin Small Letter Z with Caron | |
| 159 | 9F | 237 | 10011111 | — | Latin Capital Letter Y with Diaeresis |
Latin-1 Supplement (160–255)
| Dec | Hex | Oct | Bin | Char | HTML Entity | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 160 | A0 | 240 | 10100000 | | No-Break Space | |
| 161 | A1 | 241 | 10100001 | ¡ | Inverted Exclamation Mark | |
| 162 | A2 | 242 | 10100010 | ¢ | Cent Sign | |
| 163 | A3 | 243 | 10100011 | £ | Pound Sign | |
| 164 | A4 | 244 | 10100100 | ¤ | Currency Sign | |
| 165 | A5 | 245 | 10100101 | ¥ | Yen Sign | |
| 166 | A6 | 246 | 10100110 | ¦ | Broken Bar | |
| 167 | A7 | 247 | 10100111 | § | Section Sign | |
| 168 | A8 | 250 | 10101000 | ¨ | Diaeresis | |
| 169 | A9 | 251 | 10101001 | © | Copyright Sign | |
| 170 | AA | 252 | 10101010 | ª | Feminine Ordinal Indicator | |
| 171 | AB | 253 | 10101011 | « | Left-Pointing Double Angle Quotation Mark | |
| 172 | AC | 254 | 10101100 | ¬ | Not Sign | |
| 173 | AD | 255 | 10101101 | ­ | Soft Hyphen | |
| 174 | AE | 256 | 10101110 | ® | Registered Sign | |
| 175 | AF | 257 | 10101111 | ¯ | Macron | |
| 176 | B0 | 260 | 10110000 | ° | Degree Sign | |
| 177 | B1 | 261 | 10110001 | ± | Plus-Minus Sign | |
| 178 | B2 | 262 | 10110010 | ² | Superscript Two | |
| 179 | B3 | 263 | 10110011 | ³ | Superscript Three | |
| 180 | B4 | 264 | 10110100 | ´ | Acute Accent | |
| 181 | B5 | 265 | 10110101 | µ | Micro Sign | |
| 182 | B6 | 266 | 10110110 | ¶ | Pilcrow Sign | |
| 183 | B7 | 267 | 10110111 | · | Middle Dot | |
| 184 | B8 | 270 | 10111000 | ¸ | Cedilla | |
| 185 | B9 | 271 | 10111001 | ¹ | Superscript One | |
| 186 | BA | 272 | 10111010 | º | Masculine Ordinal Indicator | |
| 187 | BB | 273 | 10111011 | » | Right-Pointing Double Angle Quotation Mark | |
| 188 | BC | 274 | 10111100 | ¼ | Vulgar Fraction One Quarter | |
| 189 | BD | 275 | 10111101 | ½ | Vulgar Fraction One Half | |
| 190 | BE | 276 | 10111110 | ¾ | Vulgar Fraction Three Quarters | |
| 191 | BF | 277 | 10111111 | ¿ | Inverted Question Mark | |
| 192 | C0 | 300 | 11000000 | À | Latin Capital Letter A with Grave | |
| 193 | C1 | 301 | 11000001 | Á | Latin Capital Letter A with Acute | |
| 194 | C2 | 302 | 11000010 | Â | Latin Capital Letter A with Circumflex | |
| 195 | C3 | 303 | 11000011 | Ã | Latin Capital Letter A with Tilde | |
| 196 | C4 | 304 | 11000100 | Ä | Latin Capital Letter A with Diaeresis | |
| 197 | C5 | 305 | 11000101 | Å | Latin Capital Letter A with Ring Above | |
| 198 | C6 | 306 | 11000110 | Æ | Latin Capital Letter AE | |
| 199 | C7 | 307 | 11000111 | Ç | Latin Capital Letter C with Cedilla | |
| 200 | C8 | 310 | 11001000 | È | Latin Capital Letter E with Grave | |
| 201 | C9 | 311 | 11001001 | É | Latin Capital Letter E with Acute | |
| 202 | CA | 312 | 11001010 | Ê | Latin Capital Letter E with Circumflex | |
| 203 | CB | 313 | 11001011 | Ë | Latin Capital Letter E with Diaeresis | |
| 204 | CC | 314 | 11001100 | Ì | Latin Capital Letter I with Grave | |
| 205 | CD | 315 | 11001101 | Í | Latin Capital Letter I with Acute | |
| 206 | CE | 316 | 11001110 | Î | Latin Capital Letter I with Circumflex | |
| 207 | CF | 317 | 11001111 | Ï | Latin Capital Letter I with Diaeresis | |
| 208 | D0 | 320 | 11010000 | Ð | Latin Capital Letter Eth | |
| 209 | D1 | 321 | 11010001 | Ñ | Latin Capital Letter N with Tilde | |
| 210 | D2 | 322 | 11010010 | Ò | Latin Capital Letter O with Grave | |
| 211 | D3 | 323 | 11010011 | Ó | Latin Capital Letter O with Acute | |
| 212 | D4 | 324 | 11010100 | Ô | Latin Capital Letter O with Circumflex | |
| 213 | D5 | 325 | 11010101 | Õ | Latin Capital Letter O with Tilde | |
| 214 | D6 | 326 | 11010110 | Ö | Latin Capital Letter O with Diaeresis | |
| 215 | D7 | 327 | 11010111 | × | Multiplication Sign | |
| 216 | D8 | 330 | 11011000 | Ø | Latin Capital Letter O with Stroke | |
| 217 | D9 | 331 | 11011001 | Ù | Latin Capital Letter U with Grave | |
| 218 | DA | 332 | 11011010 | Ú | Latin Capital Letter U with Acute | |
| 219 | DB | 333 | 11011011 | Û | Latin Capital Letter U with Circumflex | |
| 220 | DC | 334 | 11011100 | Ü | Latin Capital Letter U with Diaeresis | |
| 221 | DD | 335 | 11011101 | Ý | Latin Capital Letter Y with Acute | |
| 222 | DE | 336 | 11011110 | Þ | Latin Capital Letter Thorn | |
| 223 | DF | 337 | 11011111 | ß | Latin Small Letter Sharp S | |
| 224 | E0 | 340 | 11100000 | à | Latin Small Letter A with Grave | |
| 225 | E1 | 341 | 11100001 | á | Latin Small Letter A with Acute | |
| 226 | E2 | 342 | 11100010 | â | Latin Small Letter A with Circumflex | |
| 227 | E3 | 343 | 11100011 | ã | Latin Small Letter A with Tilde | |
| 228 | E4 | 344 | 11100100 | ä | Latin Small Letter A with Diaeresis | |
| 229 | E5 | 345 | 11100101 | å | Latin Small Letter A with Ring Above | |
| 230 | E6 | 346 | 11100110 | æ | Latin Small Letter AE | |
| 231 | E7 | 347 | 11100111 | ç | Latin Small Letter C with Cedilla | |
| 232 | E8 | 350 | 11101000 | è | Latin Small Letter E with Grave | |
| 233 | E9 | 351 | 11101001 | é | Latin Small Letter E with Acute | |
| 234 | EA | 352 | 11101010 | ê | Latin Small Letter E with Circumflex | |
| 235 | EB | 353 | 11101011 | ë | Latin Small Letter E with Diaeresis | |
| 236 | EC | 354 | 11101100 | ì | Latin Small Letter I with Grave | |
| 237 | ED | 355 | 11101101 | í | Latin Small Letter I with Acute | |
| 238 | EE | 356 | 11101110 | î | Latin Small Letter I with Circumflex | |
| 239 | EF | 357 | 11101111 | ï | Latin Small Letter I with Diaeresis | |
| 240 | F0 | 360 | 11110000 | ð | Latin Small Letter Eth | |
| 241 | F1 | 361 | 11110001 | ñ | Latin Small Letter N with Tilde | |
| 242 | F2 | 362 | 11110010 | ò | Latin Small Letter O with Grave | |
| 243 | F3 | 363 | 11110011 | ó | Latin Small Letter O with Acute | |
| 244 | F4 | 364 | 11110100 | ô | Latin Small Letter O with Circumflex | |
| 245 | F5 | 365 | 11110101 | õ | Latin Small Letter O with Tilde | |
| 246 | F6 | 366 | 11110110 | ö | Latin Small Letter O with Diaeresis | |
| 247 | F7 | 367 | 11110111 | ÷ | Division Sign | |
| 248 | F8 | 370 | 11111000 | ø | Latin Small Letter O with Stroke | |
| 249 | F9 | 371 | 11111001 | ù | Latin Small Letter U with Grave | |
| 250 | FA | 372 | 11111010 | ú | Latin Small Letter U with Acute | |
| 251 | FB | 373 | 11111011 | û | Latin Small Letter U with Circumflex | |
| 252 | FC | 374 | 11111100 | ü | Latin Small Letter U with Diaeresis | |
| 253 | FD | 375 | 11111101 | ý | Latin Small Letter Y with Acute | |
| 254 | FE | 376 | 11111110 | þ | Latin Small Letter Thorn | |
| 255 | FF | 377 | 11111111 | ÿ | Latin Small Letter Y with Diaeresis |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the ASCII code for a space?
Space is decimal 32 (hex 20). It is the lowest-numbered printable character and falls in the punctuation/symbols category. In many contexts a "non-breaking space" ( , decimal 160) is used instead to prevent line breaks between words.
What does CR LF mean?
CR (Carriage Return, decimal 13) and LF (Line Feed, decimal 10) are control characters inherited from typewriter terminology. On Windows, line endings are CR LF (bytes 0D 0A); on Unix/macOS they are just LF (byte 0A); on classic Mac OS (pre-OS X) they were just CR. Mixing these in text files is a common source of diff noise and parser bugs.
What is the difference between ASCII and Unicode?
ASCII is a fixed 7-bit encoding for 128 characters, designed for English text. Unicode is a universal character repertoire covering over 1.1 million code points for every human writing system. UTF-8 is the most common Unicode encoding: it stores ASCII characters in a single byte (identical to ASCII), and uses multi-byte sequences for everything else — making it backwards-compatible and space-efficient for English text.
Why does my text show weird characters like é?
This is a character encoding mismatch. The sequence é is what you get when the two UTF-8 bytes for é (C3 A9) are misread as Latin-1/Windows-1252, producing à (C3) and © (A9). Fix it by declaring the correct charset (<meta charset="UTF-8"> in HTML, or charset=utf-8 in HTTP headers) and ensuring your database, application, and transport layer all agree on UTF-8.
What are control characters?
Control characters (decimal 0–31 and 127) are non-printable codes that originally commanded physical devices — ring a bell (7), move the cursor (8, 9, 10, 13), or signal transmission boundaries (2, 3, 4). Most are obsolete in modern applications, but LF (10), CR (13), HT (9), ESC (27), and NUL (0) remain heavily used in file formats, terminals, and protocols.
How do I use HTML entities?
HTML entities let you include reserved or non-keyboard characters in HTML without breaking the markup. For example, & renders as &, < as <, and © as ©. You can also use numeric references: A and A both render as A. Only characters that have special meaning in HTML (<, >, &, ") strictly need escaping; entities for accented letters are optional in UTF-8 documents.